How do pets navigate?

transcript

Neil Welcome to 6 Minute English, the programme where we bring you an interesting topic and six useful words or phrases. I’m Neil.

Dan And I’m Dan. Today we’re talking about one of the last mysteries of science. No, not if the universe will keep expanding forever, but this: how do cats and dogs find their way home over long distances?

Neil We hear incredible stories of lost pets travelling tens and even hundreds of miles home - but scientists struggle to explain how they do it.

Dan We’ll hear the view of one scientist today. But before that - I have to ask an important question: Neil, are you a cat person or a dog person?

Neil Oh, that’s easy - I’m a cat person , for sure. Dogs are just a… well, they are hard work, aren’t they?

Dan If you say you are ‘ a cat person ‘ it means you prefer cats. ‘ A coffee person ‘ prefers coffee. A ‘something’ person likes or prefers that thing, often over another thing.

Neil Back to the topic, I’m a cat person. But can you answer this, Dan? Recently, a cat called Omar made headlines for being, possibly, the world’s longest cat. How long is Omar? Is it …

a) 120 cm

b) 80 cm

Or c) 180 cm

Dan I’m gonna say c) 180 cm.

Neil Now, from long cats to long-distance cats. Scientists were scratching their heads a couple of years ago when a lost cat called Holly travelled 200 miles to get home. How did it do it?

Dan We say you ‘ scratch your head ‘ when you are confused about something. There are a few theories about how cats and dogs navigate - but we don’t yet have the full answer.

Neil Well, both cats and dogs have an extremely powerful sense of smell, of course. Smells are like signposts - they let you know where you are. Visual landmarks also play a role, just as they do with humans. A landmark is something very easily recognised - a big building or mountain for example.

Dan And what about this one: magnets are pieces of metal which attract certain other kinds of metal - for example, iron or steel. The Earth itself has a magnetic force.

Neil Birds use it to help them navigate over thousands of miles - it tells them where north is. It’s thought they have some iron in their beaks.

Dan But some scientists think mammals also have this capability.

Neil So we have a few ideas - smell, landmarks , magnetic forces - but can we explain how one kitty travelled over 200 miles by itself back to its home?

Dan Let’s hear from cat and dog expert Dr John Bradshaw. How do cats build up the maps in their heads?

INSERT Dr John Bradshaw, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol What they do when they are in a new territory is explore it in a very systematic way. So they will go out in ever-increasing circles, they’ll literally construct a mental map in their heads. And so a cat that’s lost its territory probably does the same thing. They’ll rely on the idea that if they go out in ever-increasing circles or rectangles then eventually they’ll either come across the territory or they’ll come across a smell carried on the wind of the territory that they used to live in and then be able to go home.

Dan Cats have a systematic approach - which means they use a system. Which is: first they walk around their area in a small circle, then a bigger one and then a bigger one - until they have a strong mental map of the place.

Neil Yes - a mental map is a map in your head - stored in your memory. And the area cats explore - their home area - is called their territory. Cats are territorial - which means their territory is very important to them.

Dan Having a map is great, but what happens when a cat gets lost? Dr Bradshaw says that again, it moves around in bigger and bigger circles, until it finds a clue - which is a landmark or a smell - that tells it where it is. Well, that’s the theory. Though Dr Bradshaw says we really still don’t have enough data - that’s enough information about this.

Neil When there is a scientific breakthrough - we’ll bring it to you in 6 Minute English, I hope. For now, let’s content ourselves with Omar, possibly, the world’s longest cat. How long, Dan?

Dan I said 180 cm.

Neil Omar measures 120 cm - that’s over two thirds of my height - and weighs a heavy 14 kg.

Dan Well, one thing, Neil, if Omar ever got lost, he’d be found in no time.

Neil He’s a landmark in himself! Which reminds me - let’s run through today’s words again. If you’re a cat person , you prefer cats. If you’re an evening person - you prefer evenings.

Dan I’ve always thought you were a kind person, Neil.

Neil Nice of you to say, but we only use the phrase with nouns, not adjectives!

Dan Indeed. We don’t want the listeners to be scratching their heads.

Neil No, we can’t confuse them! So let’s explain the next one clearly - a landmark is something easily recognisable that lets you know where you are. The bridges in London are landmarks.

Dan And can we say the parks are magnets in summer? A magnet is a piece of metal that attracts iron and steel - but we can also use the word more widely to describe things that attract other things. Two more words: territory is a noun - the area of land that an animal considers to be its own.

Neil Animals who feel this strongly are described as territorial. Humans can be too - about land or subjects they feel they own or control.

Dan And finally systematic : the adjective from system. We can talk about a systematic approach, a systematic solution, a systematic study …

Neil And we have systematically worked our way through all of today’s words!

Dan Very good! Which means - it’s time mention our own online territory - our website and social media pages.

Neil Check us out on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube, and of course bbclearningenglish.com!

Dan Bye bye for now.

Neil Goodbye!