Hello, hello

Catherine Hello. I’m Catherine.

Rob Hello. I’m Rob.

Catherine We both started with what is probably the best-known greeting in English and one of the first words English language students learn, and that is ‘hello’! So today in 6 Minute English we’re digging a little deeper into the world of greetings and the fascinating history of ‘hello’.

Rob Surprisingly, the word ‘hello’ is not as old as you might think. But when did it first appear in print in English?

Was it:

a) in the 1890s b) the 1950s or c) the1820s

Catherine Well, I think English changes really quickly, so I’m going to say b) the 1950s. And we’ll say ‘hello again’ to ‘hello’ a little later in the programme.

Rob First, greetings. They can be a bit of a minefield. A subject full of unpredictable difficulties.

Catherine While in many places a handshake or bow is normal - there’s also the tricky question of kisses and hugs.

Rob Awkward. Should you kiss? How many times? And should your lips touch their cheek?

Catherine No, Rob - definitely an air-kiss! Close to the cheek, but don’t touch. Much safer.

Rob Greetings are the subject of a new book, by former British diplomat Andy Scott, called One Kiss or Two: In Search of the Perfect Greeting. Here he is on a BBC radio show Word of Mouth. Why are greetings so important?

Andy Scott, author These are the first moments of interaction we have with people. And it’s in those first moments, and using those verbal and physical rituals that we have and we can get in such a muddle about, that we’re kind of recognising each other and reaffirming our bonds or even testing our bonds and our relationships with each other, we’re signalling our intentions towards each other, despite the fact we might not necessarily be conscious when we’re doing them.

Catherine Scott says we need to communicate our intentions to each other and acknowledge our relationships.

Rob Well, that’s what greetings do. One word he uses to mean ‘relationship’ or ‘connection’ is bond. We can reaffirm our bonds , which means we confirm them and make them stronger.

Catherine And we do it through rituals -patterns of behaviour that we do for a particular purpose. So there are the phrases such as ‘hello’, ‘good afternoon’, ‘nice to meet you’, and as well as the physical rituals - handshakes, bows and kisses.

Rob Though he also said we sometimes want to test our bonds. We might want to check if our friendship has grown by offering something warmer than usual - like a hug instead of a handshake.

Now, Scott acknowledges how difficult greetings can be - using the very British slang phrase - to get in a muddle. If you get in a muddle , you become confused or lost. You might get in a muddle if one person expects two kisses and the other expects only one.

Catherine Though Scott does believe that the details don’t really matter, because another important purpose of greetings is to reduce tension. So if you get it wrong, just laugh about it.

Rob OK, let’s get back to the one word we really shouldn’t get in a muddle about, ‘hello’.

Catherine Let’s listen to Dr Laura Wright, a linguist from Cambridge University, also speaking on the BBC Word of Mouth radio programme. Where does ‘hello’ come from?

Dr Laura Wright, Linguist and BBC presenter It starts as a distant hailing : “I see you miles over there and I’ve got to yell at you.” It’s not until the invention of telephones we really get to use hello as a greeting to each other, and even then it wasn’t initially used as a greeting, it was used more as an attention-grabbing device: “You are miles away, the line is about to be cut, I need to attract the attention of the operator as well.” And so everybody would call ‘hello’ to each other as this long-distance greeting form.

Catherine Laura says ‘hello’ hasn’t always meant ‘hello’ - originally it was just a shout to attract someone’s attention. And we call this kind of shouting hailing.

Rob The shout would vary in form - it could sound like a ‘hollo’! Or a ‘hulloa’!

Catherine We continued this kind of hailing when telephones first appeared. People would keep repeating ‘hello, hello’ while they were waiting to be connected. And before long, this became the actual way to greet somebody on the telephone. Anyway, before we say ‘goodbye’ to ‘hello’ - let’s have the answer to today’s question.

Rob I asked when the word first appeared in print in English. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, it was in 1826. Other spellings appeared before that.

Catherine Ah, you see - I was thinking English changes really quickly, but not that quickly.

Rob Not that quickly.

Catherine So before we go, let’s have a look at today’s vocabulary again. A minefield is something that is full of uncertainty and even danger. This sense comes from the literal meaning - a field full of explosive landmines!

Rob And then we had air-kiss - which is when you kiss the air beside someone’s face, instead of the face itself! Like this: mwah.

Catherine And we had bond - a connection. There’s a close bond between us I think, Rob.

Rob Which is good, because when I get in a muddle , you’re always very understanding!

Catherine Yeah.

Rob To get in a muddle means to become confused.

Catherine Ritual was another word - rituals are certain behaviours that people perform in certain contexts. I have a morning ritual , for example: brush my teeth, eat breakfast… I didn’t say it was an interesting ritual, Rob!

Rob No, that’s true. Finally, to hail - it’s to greet someone loudly, especially from a distance. I hailed my friend when I saw her at the airport.

Catherine And that’s it for this programme. For more, find us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube, and of course our website! Bye!

Rob Bye!