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Hi there, everyone! Welcome to lesson 18 of 504 Absolutely Essential Words. This is the vocabulary part. So, as you know, we’re gonna learn 12 new words here. Are you ready? Great! Let’s begin.

The first word is “tragedy”. I’m pretty sure you all know what that means. Tragedy is a noun and it means a very sad or terrible happening; a sad play. A) It was a tragedy that some pioneers* were killed on their way west. B) If you had your choice between seeing or a comedy or a tragedy, which play would you choose? C) Harry’s enormous* jealousy* led to the tragedy in their family.

The second word for this lesson, “pedestrian”. Again, it’s a noun, and it means a person who goes on foot; walker. It’s also used as an adjective but with a whole different meaning. So, we’re not talking about that now. You’ve probably seen this one on your phones before, right? Maybe on Google Maps. A) After driving a bus all day, Norris liked to be a pedestrian and take long, casual* walks in the evening. B) The police say it is urgent* that pedestrians stay on the sidewalk. Now, did you notice after “The police” we used a plural verb? “The police say”, not “The police says”. C) I don’t doubt* that a pedestrian can get places faster than a car in downtown traffic.

The third one, “glance”. Glance, as a verb, means to look at quickly. And, as a noun, it means a quick look. A) The observant* driver glanced at the accidents at this side of the road. B) I took one glance at the wretched* animal and turned away. C) Thompson identified* the burglar after a glance at the photograph in the police station.

The next word is “budget”. Budget means estimate of the amount of money that can be spent for different purposes in a given time, and it’s a noun. A) We had to decrease* the budget this year because our club is broke. B) The prominent* executive presented her budget to the Board of Directors. C) When my mother draws up her budget for the week, she sets aside a goodly sum for nourishing* food.

Our next one is “nimble”. Nimble is an adjective, and it means active and sure-footed; quick moving; light and quick. A) Although Dusty was a miniature* poodle, he was nimble enough to fight bigger dogs. B) The nimble policeman leaped over the fence to pursue* the car thief. C) With my nimble fingers, I’m good at texting messaging.

The next word we have is “manipulate”. It means to handle or treat skillfully; control or influence a person or a situation cleverly. It’s a verb. A) Scientists must know how to manipulate their microscopes*. B) While Mr Baird manipulated the puppets, Fran spoke to the audience. C) The wounded pilot manipulated the radio dial until he made contact.

The next word is “reckless”. It’s an adjective. Reckless means careless; heedless; wild. A) We must not ignore* reckless drivers; we must take them off the road. B) After breaking his hand fighting recklessly, Arthur decided to be more cautious* in the future. C) The reckless smoker ignited* the entire forest.

Our next one, “horrid”. Again, horrid is an adjective, and it means terrible; frightful. A) Janey avoided* staring at the horrid man’s face. B) It is simply horrid the way cars pollute* the air we breathe. C) When Mary was good, she was very good, but when she was bad, she was horrid.

The next word we have is “rave”. Rave is a verb, and it means to talk wildly. A) Shortly after taking the drug, the addict* began to rave and foam at the mouth. B) Speedy raved that his car had the capacity* to reach 120 miles per hour. C) Sadie was confident* that Mr Stebbe would rave about her essay.

Our next one is “economical”. Economical means not wasting money or time, it’s an adjective. A) I find it economical to shop in the large supermarkets. B) Marissa was praised for her economical management of the budget. C) The President made Congress aware of the need to be more economical.

The next word, “lubricate”. It’s a verb, and it means to make (machinery) smooth and easy to work by putting on oil, grease, or a similar substance; generally, we can say it means to make something run smoothly. A) The bulky* wheels of a railroad train must be lubricated each week. B) A large quantity* of grease is needed to lubricate an airplane engine. C) When an engine is lubricated*, it works much better.

Our last word for this lesson, “ingenious”. Ingenious means having great mental ability; clever. It’s an adjective, right? A) Bernie devised* an ingenious plan to cheat on his income tax. B) Rube Goldberg was a journalist* who won fame for his ingenious inventions. C) The master spy had an ingenious way of passing secrets to the agent.

Alright, we’re finished with lesson eighteen’s vocabulary. See you in the next part, goodbye.