درس ۹۸ - افعال با قاعده

Lesson 98 - How to Say the -ed Past Tense Ending

Hi everyone. I’m Jennifer from English with Jennifer. Are you ready to study basic English with me? You can practice the simple past with my students, Flavia and Andreia. When we talk about the past, we use past tense verbs. Regular verbs end in -ed. But how do we pronounce that ending?

Listen. Okay, ladies. You did very well with a lot of the irregular verbs. Now we’re going to talk about our regular verbs in the past tense. Often you will just add -ed or -d. Right? Spelling can be different. Pronunciation can be different. You’re using some of them already. We talked about Sylvia and how she worked in a restaurant. Right?

There’s our -ed ending. She worked long hours. And we talked about how she opened the door. Right? When she opened the door, she heard strange noises. We also know that she turned on the lights, and she saw all of her friends. Okay. So, a lot of the time, we just add -ed. Now here’s a question.

Listen. Worked. Opened. Worked. Turned. Is there a difference? Can you hear it? What’s happening with “worked,” it sounds like a /t/. Worked. With these ones, “opened”… “turned.” This sounds like a /d/. Why? Why is that happening? Why? Why, Jennifer? Because the last sound is a consonant. Right?

Just like in English and Portuguese, we have two groups of sounds. We have our vowels. Mm-hmm. A, E, I, O, U. We have our consonants: B, C, D… Right? Now the consonants have two groups. Some consonants are very quiet we call them voiceless. There’s nothing here. It’s quiet, but when we say something like an N…/n/…,you can put your hand on your throat. /n/ You feel the vibrations.

There’s something. You feel something. But when you say /k/, nothing. Right? Do you feel? …There’s a difference. So when you have a voiceless…voiceless consonant, it’s going to sound like /t/, but when it’s voiced, it will sound like a /d/. For example, lived…I lived in Russia for five years. I lived in Moscow. Lived. Why?

The last sound is a /v/. It’s voiced. Okay? Remember the story of Brittany and John? And Brittany helped John. She helped him to learn more languages. Right? Helped. Helped. Why? The last consonant is a /p/. Voiceless.

Yeah. So, you’re going to add on the -ed, but how you say it can be different. Is the final sound voiceless or voiced? Okay. When we write, often it’s -ed. But here, I just added -d. Why? Because the last letter is “e.” Right? So, what if I do…“love” becomes “loved,” and again it’s voiced.

So it sounds like /d/. And I just write a “-d.” Loved. Um, jumped. Your cat jumped on the bed. Jumped. Exactly. I saw a movie and I liked it. Liked. Liked. I liked it. Liked. Because it’s just like “worked.” Liked. I liked it. Voiceless consonants are also called unvoiced consonants.

Say these voiceless consonants with me: /k, p/. Good. Now say those sounds before the -ed ending: worked, liked, helped, jumped. Try saying those verbs in phrases: worked hard, liked the movie, helped me, jumped high. Remember we also have voiced consonants.

Say these voiced consonants with me: /n, v/. Good now say those sounds before the -ed ending. Listen and repeat. Opened, turned, lived, loved. Say those verbs in phrases. Listen and repeat. Opened the door, turned on the lights, lived alone, loved each other. Okay. Now let’s talk about the past tense ending -ed after a vowel sound and after the consonants T and D.

I really enjoyed my trip to Bermuda. Enjoyed. Enjoyed. This is different. “Enjoy”…is a vowel sound. /ɔɪ/ And the vowel sounds also are voiced, so when we have “enjoyed,” it’s going to sound like a /d/. Enjoyed. I enjoyed it. I enjoyed my trip. I enjoyed dinner. I enjoyed being here. Enjoyed.

One more. When did we meet for the first time? Do you remember which month? The three of us. When did we start our lessons? Whoa. April. April or March? April. A long time ago. I think we started at the end of March.

Maybe. Maybe the end of March. Yeah. Let’s say March. Okay. Started. Started. New category. New group. Started. Started. What happened now? Start - started. Now I have two syllables. Started. I don’t say “tur-ned”…“open-ed” “liv-ed”… Well “open” has two syllables, but Let’s look at “live” and “love.” Lived, loved. And with “opened” and “turned,” I don’t say “open-ed”…“turn-ed”… It’s different.

If it’s one syllable, you add an -ed, it stays one syllable. If it’s two syllables and you add -ed, it stays two syllables. But what does that end with ?T. And so when you end with a T, we get one more syllable. Start - started.

Start - started. Because of T. Yeah. And there can be more. Oh, here’s a good one. Visit. Right?Let’s say you went to New York. You…and you saw relatives. Right? You saw some family, so you visited …you visited some relatives. It ends with the T. Visited. We talked about Brittany and John and how they got married.

We could also say they married. “Got married” is more conversational, but you can also use “marry” as a verb. And what happens when you write it? You add…you change the y to an i and add the -ed. But it sounds like “enjoyed”… “married.” Right? It ends with a vowel; we add -ed. Okay.

So how many groups do we have? We have these verbs. They’re voiceless. It will end with the /t/ sound. So repeat after me: Liked… Worked… Helped… Jumped… Now we have these verbs that end with the voiced consonant.

The -ed sounds like a /d/. Opened… Turned… Turned…and be careful not to say “tur-ned” and not “turned-duh” but Turned. Yeah. So you say the D, but don’t add “turned-duh.” Turned. Okay. Lived. Again, not “li-ved.” Lived… Loved… Good. Right? You don’t want “lo-ved”…loved. And not “loved-duh.”

When you have a word after it, then you can keep going. Like, I loved it. I loved it. Did you like the movie? I loved it. I loved it. Yeah. I loved it. Or I liked it. When you end with a vowel, we add the -ed and it sounds like a/d/. Married… Enjoyed… Same thing. You could say, “Did you like it?” “I enjoyed it.

I really enjoyed it.” Try that. I really enjoyed it…because it ends with the /d/ sound, you’re going to connect it to the next word. I really enjoyed it. Today I enjoy it, but yesterday I enjoyed it. Enjoyed it. Yes. Yeah. You have the “dit.” Enjoyed it. Yes. I really enjoyed it…Enjoyed it. Yes. Enjoyed it.

Yes. It sounds like “dit.” I really enjoyed it. I really enjoyed…enjoyed it…And if it’s easier to go slow, do it. But you can still speak naturally. I really enjoyed it. Enjoyed it…Okay. And then we have these verbs that add an extra syllable. I started the lesson. Started. Started. I started the lesson.

I started the lesson. Started… I started dinner….started. Oh, what’s happening… start ends with the ‘t,’ but many Americans are going to change that. It will sound very much like a /d/ sound. So instead of “started,” you will hear “star-ded.” Alright. It sounds like /d…d/. Started.

We started in March… Mm-hmm. Started. Visited. Visited. Mm-hmm. She visited relatives. Yeah. Or say, “I visited family.” I visited family. Visited. I visited family. You got it. It’s difficult! Listen. Tried. How many syllables does that verb have? Tried. One. Repeat after me. I tried really hard. Listen again.

Guided. How many syllables? Guided. Repeat. She guided me. Let’s see if you understand the rules. Answer 10 questions. What’s the past tense of “baked”? Baked. What’s the past tense of “smile”? Smiled. What’s the past tense of “play”? Played. What’s the past tense of “change”? Changed What’s the past tense of “expect”? Expected.

What’s the past tense of “cry”? Cried. And the past tense of “carry?” Carried. What’s the past tense of “move”? Moved. And the past tense of “ask”? Asked. And finally, what’s the past tense of “complete”? Completed.

Now let’s see if Andreia and Flavia understand the rules. Ladies, I want to add more words to this list, but you help me and tell me where the verbs go. Cook. Cook - cooked. Oh! Cooked. Right? Not “cook -ed.” Cooked. Where is that? Cooked. Where does “cook” go? Cooked. Because…like “worked” and “liked.” Cooked. Um, wash. Becomes “washed.” /ʃ/ Do you hear? Nothing, right?

Put your hand here. Oh. There’s a difference between /ʃ/ and /ʒ/. Yeah. Put your hand here and feel the difference. They’re two different sounds. “Washed.” So SH /ʃ/ is voiceless: washed. Like I washed my hair. I washed my hands. Miss. Missed. Not miss-ed. Missed. Missed… Yes. Missed. Missed?

M-I-S-S. Miss - missed. Ah. Missed. Exactly. Missed. I missed you. I missed you. I really missed you. Right? Or I missed class. You know? Show. Showed. You feel something, right? Showed. Voiceless? It’s voiced because think…/oʊ/ is a vowel sound. You said it directly. Yeah. Right. Yeah. /oʊ/ is a vowel like “marry”…“enjoy.” “Show” ends with a vowel sound. Showed /oʊ/ is a vowel sound.

That’s voiced. It’s going to sound like a /d/. Showed. This is when you can have a little bit of fun and come up with a story. A group of…give me a number, a small number. Yeah. Five. Five. Okay. A group of five cats lived together. Name a place. A store, a mountain…A store. In a store. The store…oh! Here’s one more verb. Let’s add this. This is good. What do stores do? They sell things.

What happens to “sell” in the past? Sold. Very good. S-o-l-d. Sold. The store sold…what? What did they sell? Animals. Animals? How about pets? The store sold…furniture…blankets? Yes. Or clothes…clothes. Or cats? Yeah! In Brazil…has one store. And many cats. There were cats. And what did they sell?

And people search…clothes. And cats…But the clothes had cat fur everywhere. Yes! That’s awful. Okay. Let’s change this. The store sold like clothing…clothes. Or blankets, towels… Well, in our story, let’s say it sold clothes. It sold clothes. The cats…What happens to “want”? Wanted. And look.

It goes over here in this group. Want - wanted. Wanted. Two syllables. The cats wanted to help. Um, they…I think you know some of these already. What happens with “put”? It stays the same. Correct. Mm-hmm. You can say “put their fur…” I think we also did this one. “Leave” becomes “left.” Good.

We can use either verb here and say they put their fur everywhere/they left their fur everywhere. Past tense of “think”? They thought…they thought this was helpful. Here we have “share” /ɛɚ/ Share. It’s a voiced sound. /ɛɚ/ It’s like a vowel sound. Shared. So it ends with a /d/. They shared…their pretty fur.

They shared their pretty fur with all the customers. The customers…what happens to “wash”? Washed. Washed. The customers washed the clothes at home, of course. That’s our story. Okay. A group of five cats lived together in a store. The store sold clothes. The cats wanted to help.

They left their fur everywhere. They thought this was helpful. They shared their pretty fur with all the customers. The customers washed the clothes at home, of course. Okay. I’m going to say it again, and I’m going to leave out all the verbs. You will help me. Okay? Because I want to hear your pronunciation.

Okay. A group of five cats together in a store. The store sold clothes. The cats wanted to help. They left their fur everywhere. They thought this was helpful. They shared…shared…they shared their pretty fur with all the customers. The customers washed…washed the clothes at home, of course. Okay.

Be careful with “washed.” So we don’t have “wash-ed.” Washed. And it sounds like /t/. Washed… They washed the clothes. They washed the clothes. Very good – because those are a lot of /t/ sounds and TH sounds.

You can practice more on your own. Retell the story about the cats Here are the verbs you need. Listen to the story one more time. Ladies, I will read one more time. Listen and I’ll ask you questions. Okay. A group of five cats lived together in a store. The store sold clothes. The cats wanted to help.

They left their fur everywhere. They thought this was helpful. They shared their pretty fur with all the customers. The customers washed the clothes at home, of course. How many cats lived in the store? Five. Now give me the whole sentence. Five cats lived in the store. In the store. Lived in the store.

What did the store sell? The store sold clothes. Very good. What did the cats want to do? The cats wanted…help. Wanted to help. So, with “wanted” you always need “to”: want to help, wanted to help. Wanted to help. Wanted to help. Good. Wanted to help. Mm-hmm. Where did they leave their fur?

Where? Where did they leave their fur? Everywhere. Now give me the whole sentence. They left their fur everywhere. They left their fur…they left their fur everywhere. Everywhere. Why? What did they think? They thought this was helpful. Correct.Be careful with the TH. They thought. They thought…they thought this was helpful.

They thought this was helpful. This is a good story for TH, too. They thought they thought this was helpful. They thought this was helpful. They thought…they thought… Who did they share their fur with? Who?

They shared their pretty fur with….with who? With all customers…with all the customers. With all the customers. What did the customers do at home? The customers wash…washed the clothes in the house. Yes, in their house or you say “at home.” At home. They washed their clothes at home, of course.

Note how I formed questions in the simple past. Look. Which questions use a helping verb? These ones. The helping verb is “did.” This question is about the subject. The question word is “who.” We don’t need a helping verb here.

For more practice, you can make more questions in the simple past. Okay. That’s all for now.