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Use of certain prepositions

Prepositions of Place

TO and AT

Use to for movement from one place to another.

Example: I walk to school every day.

Use At to denote position or rest.

Example: He’s waiting at the door.

IN and INTO

IN denotes position or rest inside something.

Example: The pencil is in the box.

INTO denotes movement towards the inside of.

Example: They walk into the room.

Prepositions of Time

AT, IN, ON

Use AT with the exact time.

Example: She arrived at 8 o’clock in the morning.

Use ON with days and dates.

Examples: On Sunday we go to church. My birthday is on the third of December.

Use in with a period of time.

Example: In summer the weather is warm.

Verbs often confused

396 Shall and Will.

(a) To express simple futurity: In the first person:

Don’t say: I will go tomorrow if it’s fine. Say: I shall go tomorrow if it’s fine.

In the second person:

Don’t say: She tells me you shall go tomorrow. Say: She tells me you will/’ll go tomorrow.

In the third person:

Don’t say: He shall go if he has permission. Say: He will/’ll go if he has permission.

(b) To express something more than simple futurity:

In the first person:

Don’t say: I have determined that I shall go. Say: I have determined that I will/’ll go.

In the second person:

Don’t say: You will/’ll go out if you are good. Say: You shall go out if you are good.

In the third person:

Don’t say: My mind is made up: he will/’ll go. Say: My mind is made up: he shall go.

To form the simple future, use shall with the first person and will with the second and third persons. Will in the first person denotes resolution or personal determination, and shall in the second and third persons denotes either a command or a promise.

Note: Should, the past tense of shall, and would, the past tense of will, have the same differences of meaning and use as the present forms shall and will: I was afraid that I should fail, Ipromfsed that I would help him.

397 Shall and May.

Distinguish between:

(a) May I shut the door? and

(b) Shall I shut the door?

May I shut the door? Means that I wish the door closed and I ask your permission to shut it. Shall I shut the door? Means that I want to know whether you wish the door closed.

398 Say and Tell.

Don’t say: He told, ‘I will/’ll go home.’ He told that he’d go home. Say: He said, ‘I will/’ll go home.’ He said that he’d go home.

Use to say (1) when referring to a person’s actual words, and (2) in indirect speech if the sentence doesn’t contain an indirect object.

Note: Commion idioms with say and tell:

Say a prayer. Who says? I must say! You can say that again! If you say so.

Tell the truth. Tell a lie. Tell a story. Tell the time. Tell your fortune. Tell someone your name.

399 Make and Do.

(a) Make.

Don’t say: The carpenter did a large table. Say: The carpenter made a large table.

(b) Do.

Don ‘t say: You must make your work carefully. Say: You must do your work carefully.

To make primarily means to construct or manufacture something, while to do means to accomplish a thing.

Note: Common exceptions with make and do. (a) To make a mistake, to make a promise, to make a speech, to make an excuse, to make haste, to make fun of, to make progress, to make a noise, to make a bed (means to prepare the bed ior sleeping on). (b) To do good, to do evil, to do your best, to do your duty, to do someone a favour, to do wrong, to do a puzzle, to do business, to do away with, to do gymnastics, to do exercises.

400 Lie and Lay.

(a) Lie.

Don’t say: I’m going to lay down for an hour. Say: I’m going to lie down for an hour.

(b) Lay.

Don’t say: Please lie the exam papers on the desk. Say: Please lay out the exam papers on the desk.

Lie (means to rest) is an intransitive verb and never has an object. Lay to put) is a transitive verb and always requires an object. Their principal parts are lie, lay, lain, and lay, laid, laid.

Note: Lie, lied, lied is to tell an untruth: He has lied to me. Lay, laid. laid also means to produce eggs: The hen has laid an egg (Idiom: Lay the table is to prepare the table for a meal.)

401 Sit and Seat.

(a) Sit.

Don’t say: We seat at a desk to write a letter. Say: We sit at a desk to write a letter.

(b) Seat.

Don’t say: He sat the passengers one by one.

Say: He seated the passengers one by one.

Use sit as an intransitive verb. Seat is a transitive verb and requires an object. Very often the object of seat is a reflexive pronoun: He seated himself near the fire. The principal parts of the two verbs are: sit, sat, sat, and seat, seated, seated.

Note: Don’t confuse sit with set, which usually means to place.

Common idioms with set: to set the table. to set on fire, to set off (or out), to set a trap, to set a clock. to set a price, to set your heart on, to set free, to set an example. to set a broken bone, to set to work (means to start work).

402 Rise and Raise.

(a) Rise.

Don’t say: Val raises very early in the morning. Say: Val rises very early in the morning.

(b) Raise.

Don’t say: She rose their salaries too often.

Say: She raised their salaries too often.

Rise is an intransitive verb and means to go up, stand up, or get out of bed. It doesn’t require an object. Raise is a transitive verb and means to lift up something. Their principal pans are: rise, rose, risen, and raise, raised, raised.

Note: Arise is often used for rise, but it is better to use arise only in the sense of begin: A quarrel (a discussion, an argument, a difficu/ty etc.) may arise. This is formal but is still used

403 Like and Love.

Don’t say: I like you! Will you marry me? Say: I love you! Will you marry me?

Both verbs can be used for people and things. the only difference is one of degree. Love is much stronger than like.

404 Stay and Remain.

(a) Stay.

Don’t say: We remained in a very good hotel. Say: We stayed in a very good hotel.

(b) Remain.

Don’t say: Not many figs have stayed on the tree. Say: Not many figs have remained on the tree.

Here, to stay means to live for a short time as a guest or a visitor, and to remain means to be left after part has been taken or destroyed.

Note: Use either verb when the meaning is to continue in the same place or condition: I’ll stay (or remain) at home till tomorrow Remain is more formal.

405 Hanged and Hung.

(a) Hanged.

Don’t say: No-one has been hung in Britain since 1964.

Say: No-one has been hanged in Britain since 1964.

(b) Hung.

Don’t say: We hanged the picture on the wall.

Say: We hung the picture on the wall.

When the reference is to killing a person or animal by hanging, we use the form hanged. In other cases, the form is hung. The principal parts of the two verbs are” hang. hanged, hanged; hang, hung, hung.

406 Wear and Put on.

(a) Wear.

Don’t say: Kathy always puts on black shoes. Say: Kathy always wears black shoes.

(b) Put on.

Don’t say: I wear my clothes in the morning. Say: I put on my clothes in the morning.

Wear means to have upon the body, Wear means to have upon the body as a garment or as an ornament. To put on denotes a simple act.

Note: To dress has nearly the same meaning as to put on, but the object of dress is a person and not a thing: He dressed himself and went out, The mother dressed her baby.

407 Tear and Tear up.

(a) Tear.

Don’t say: John tore up his coat on a nail. Say: John tore his coat on a nail.

(b) Tear up.

Don’t say: Philip was angry and tore the letter.

Say: Philip was angry and tore up the letter.

To tear means to divide along a straight or irregular line, sometimes by accident. To tear up means to destroy by tearing to pieces.

Note: The word up is often used with verbs to express the idea of greater completeness: burn up, drink up, dry up, cut up, eat up, shut up, use up.

408 Grow and Grow up.

(a) Grow.

Don’t say: These flowers grow up very quickly. Say: These flowers grow very quickly.

(b) Grow up.

Don’t say: When I grow I’ll be a doctor. Say: When I grow up I’ll be a doctor.

To grow means to become bigger, to grow up means to become an adult.

Note: Other’ meanings of grow: (1) to occur naturally in the ground: Rice grows in Egypt; (2) to cause to grow: We grow flowers in our garden; (3) to allow to grow: He grew a beard; (4) to become: The nights grow cold in winter.

409 Pick and Pick up.

(a) Pick.

Don ‘t say: We picked up flowers in the garden.

Say: We picked flowers in the garden.

(19) Pick up.

Don’t say: The naughty boy picked a stone.

Say: The naughty boy picked up a stone.

To pick fruit or flowers means to pull them away with the fingers, to pick up means to lift up from the ground. The important element is that what is picked up isn’t attached.

410 Deal with and Deal in.

(a) Deal with.

Don’t say: This book deals in common errors. Say: This book deals with common errors.

(b) Deal in.

Don’t say: A bookseller deals with books. Say: A bookseller deals in books.

To deal with means to have to do with, to deal in means to buy and sell.

Note: To deal with also means to take action on a matter: The headmaster will deal with that question.

411 Interfere in and Interfere with.

(a) Interfere in.

Don’t say: Don’t interfere with my private business! Say: Don’t interfere in my private business!

(b) Interfere with.

Don’t say: Paul is always interfering in the equipment.

Say: Paul is always interfering with the equipment.

Interfere in means to concern yourself with something which you shouldn’t. Interfere with means to do some damage or be a nuisance to someone or something.

412 Borrow and Lend.

(a) Borrow.

Don’t say: I want to lend a book from you. Say: I want to borrow a book from you.

(b) Lend.

Don’t say: Will you please borrow me a book? Say: Will you please lend me a book?

To borrow is to get something from someone, and to lend is to give something to someone.

413 Steal and Rob.

(a) Steal.

Don’t say: Someone has robbed all her money. Say: Someone has stolen all her money.

(b) Rob.

Don’t say: Some men stole a bank last night.

Say: Some men robbed a bank last night.

The Object of steal is the thing taken by the thief, such as money, a watch, a bicycle, etc., while the object of rob is the person or place from whom (or which) the thing is taken, such as a man, a house, or a bank.

414 Take revenge and Avenge.

Don’t say: I must avenge myself for what he did to me!

Say: I must take revenge for what he did to me!

Note: Avenge and revenge oneself are now only found in literary English We usuaily use take revenge (on). We might also say: He must have his revenge.

415 Convince .and Persuade.

Don’t say: I am persuaded of Robin’s innocence. Say: I am convinced of Robin’s innocence.

Persuade and convince have very similar meanings and are mostly interchangeable in modern English: Delia persuaded me to take the exam means Delia convinced me to take the exam. Except in the case of to be convinced of something meaning to believe something.

Note: Care must be taken not to confuse persuade with pursued, the past tense of pursues ( to follow).

416 Refuse and Deny.

(a) Refuse.

Don’t say: Sarah denied to take the money. Say: Sarah refused to take the money.

(b) Deny.

Don’t say: John refused that he’d done it. Say: John denied that he’d done it.

To refuse means not to take what is offered or not to do what one is asked to do. To deny means to answer in the negative or to say that a statement isn’t true.

417 Discover and Invent.

(a) Discover.

Don’t say: America was invented by Columbus. Say: America was discovered by Columbus.

(b) Invent.

Don’t say: Edison discovered the gramophone. Say: Edison invented the gramophone.

To discover is to find that which existed before but was unknown, and to invent is to create that which didn’t exist before.

418 Take place and Take part.

(a) Take place.

Don’t say: The meeting will take part soon. Say: The meeting will take place soon.

(b) Take part.

Don’t say: I’ll take place in the meeting. Say: I’ll take part in the meeting.

To take place means to happen or to be held, while to take part means to be involved in.

419 Made from and Made of.

(a) Made from.

Don’t say: The bowl is made of glass. Say: The bowl is made from glass.

(b) Made of.

Don’t say: The statue is made from marble. Say: The statue is made of marble.

We usually use of when you can still recognise the original material. We use from when the original materials are urirecognisable in most cases either is possible.

420 Let for Rent and Hired out for Hire.

(a) Rent.

Don’t say: I let the house from Mr Jones.

Say: I rent the house from Mr Jones.

Note: To rent something is to pay to use it, usually for a long period of time: a house, a car, a piano etc. To let something is to allow someone to pay you for the use of something that belongs to you.

(b) Hire.

Don’t say: I hired out a surf board when I was in America.

Say: I hired a surf board when I was in America.

Note: To hire something is to pay to use it, usually for a short time, with one single payment a suit, a bicycle. a rowing boat etc. To hire out is to offer something for someone else to hire.

421 Win for Earn.

Don’t say: She wins her living by hard work. Say: She earns her living by hard work.

To earn means to receive in return for work, to win is to obtain as a result of fighting, competition, gambling, etc

Note: The verb to gain may be used with or to gain a victory, a prize, etc.

422 Substitute for Replace with. Don’t say: They substituted gold with paper money. Say: They replaced gold with paper money.

We replace one thing with another, but we substitute one thing for another. The two phrases mean the reverse of each other: You replace gold with paper money. You substitute paper money for gold.

423 Correct for Repair or Mend.

Don’t say: Some men are correcting the road.

Say: Some men are repairing the road.

To correct is to make something right. to correct mistakes, a composition, a translation, one’s pronunciation, etc. To repair or to mend is to put in good condition after being damaged to repair or mend a road, clothes, Shoes, etc